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Type 1 diabetes risk is known to depend upon a genetic predisposition, an unknown environmental trigger, and an uncontrolled autoimmune response which attacks the insulin producing cells. Research from the 1980s suggested that breastfeeding decreased the risk; various other nutritional risk factors are being studied, but few have a strong link with the development of type 1 diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes risk can be reduced in many cases by making changes in diet and increasing physical activity. A review article by the American Diabetes Association recommends maintaining a healthy weight, getting at least 2½ hours of exercise per week (marathon intensity or duration is not needed; a brisk sustained walk appears sufficient at present), have a modest fat intake, and eating a good amount of fiber and whole grains. Magnesium may play a significant role in preventing Type 2 diabetes.
Alcohol and DiabetesAlthough they do not recommend alcohol consumption as a preventative, they note that moderate alcohol intake (at or below one ounce of alcohol per day depending on body mass) may reduce the risk. They state that there is not enough consistent evidence that eating foods of low glycemic index is helpful, but nutritious, low glycemic-index (low carbohydrate) foods are encouraged. (It should be noted that many low-GI foods are not recommended, for various reasons.
Some studies have shown delayed progression to diabetes in predisposed patients through the use of metformin, rosiglitazone, or valsartan. In patients on hydroxychloroquine for rheumatoid arthritis, incidence of diabetes was reduced by 77%. Breastfeeding might also be correlated with the prevention of type 2 of the disease in mothers.
As of late 2006, although there are many claims of nutritional cures, there is no credible demonstration for any. In addition, despite claims by some that vaccinations (eg, as for childhood diseases) may cause diabetes, there are no studies proving any such connection.
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